Post by Radrook Admin on Oct 6, 2019 20:29:22 GMT -5
What is Artificial intelligence (AI)?
First is the artificial aspect of AI. In other words, it does not arise via natural processes but is designed by humans and brought into existence by humans. One very important thing to keep in mind is that AI is good at specialization and not too good at behaving intelligently withing general circumstances which require conscious reasoning. A chess computer can beat a master but that is it. It cannot go beyond anything that isn't chess. So the difficulty is in making AI able to learn from experiences and to adapt gradually until it will function as a human does.
Artificial
adj.
1.
a. Made by humans, especially in imitation of something natural: an artificial sweetener that replaces sugar; artificial flowers.
b. Not arising from natural or necessary causes; contrived or arbitrary: "Hausa [in Niger] ... are separated from their brethren in Nigeria by a porous and artificial border that the colonial powers left behind" (Jeffrey Tayler).
www.thefreedictionary.com/artificial
Intelligence
Note that instinctive behavior is not classified under intelligence. Experiments have demonstrated that the animal behaving instinctively isn't really reasoning but merely reacting. It will mindlessly keep repeating a task even though repeating it identically is no longer necessary.
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: the capacity for logic, understanding, self-awareness, learning, emotional knowledge, reasoning, planning, creativity, critical thinking, and problem solving. More generally, it can be described as the ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment or context.
Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-human animals and in plants. Intelligence in machines is called artificial intelligence, which is commonly implemented in computer systems using programs and, sometimes, appropriate hardware.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence
Intelligence is most often studied in humans but has also been observed in both non-human animals and in plants. Intelligence in machines is called artificial intelligence, which is commonly implemented in computer systems using programs and, sometimes, appropriate hardware.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence
AI
Artificial intelligence (AI), the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. Since the development of the digital computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that computers can be programmed to carry out very complex tasks—as, for example, discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess—with great proficiency.
www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/Is-strong-AI-possible
AI researches are not all pursuing the same goal.
Research attempts strive to reach one of three goals: strong AI, applied AI, or cognitive simulation.
Strong AI aims to build machines that think. (The term strong AI was introduced for this category of research in 1980 by the philosopher John Searle of the University of California at Berkeley.) The ultimate ambition of strong AI is to produce a machine whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being.
This goal generated great interest in the 1950s and ’60s, but such optimism has given way to an appreciation of the extreme difficulties involved. To date, progress has been meagre. Some critics doubt whether research will produce even a system with the overall intellectual ability of an ant in the forseeable future. Indeed, some researchers working in AI’s other two branches view strong AI as not worth pursuing.
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Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success, as described in the section Expert systems.
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In cognitive simulation, computers are used to test theories about how the human mind works—for example, theories about how people recognize faces or recall memories. Cognitive simulation is already a powerful tool in both neuroscience and cognitive psychology.
www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/Is-strong-AI-possible
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Strong AI,
Strong AI aims to build machines that think. (The term strong AI was introduced for this category of research in 1980 by the philosopher John Searle of the University of California at Berkeley.) The ultimate ambition of strong AI is to produce a machine whose overall intellectual ability is indistinguishable from that of a human being.
This goal generated great interest in the 1950s and ’60s, but such optimism has given way to an appreciation of the extreme difficulties involved. To date, progress has been meagre. Some critics doubt whether research will produce even a system with the overall intellectual ability of an ant in the forseeable future. Indeed, some researchers working in AI’s other two branches view strong AI as not worth pursuing.
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Applied AI
Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” systems—for example, “expert” medical diagnosis systems and stock-trading systems. Applied AI has enjoyed considerable success, as described in the section Expert systems.
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Cognitive simulation,
In cognitive simulation, computers are used to test theories about how the human mind works—for example, theories about how people recognize faces or recall memories. Cognitive simulation is already a powerful tool in both neuroscience and cognitive psychology.
www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/Is-strong-AI-possible
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